Industry vs. Academia

What is Industry?

When PhD students hear "industry," it can seem like a vague, catch-all term. In the sciences, industry generally refers to careers outside of academia, including pharmaceutical companies, biotech firms, medical device companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and startups. These companies focus on research and development (R&D), regulatory affairs, clinical trials, medical affairs, data analysis, and more.

Unlike academia, where research is often driven by curiosity and grants, industry work is usually goal-oriented, tied to product development, drug discovery, or improving healthcare outcomes. This shift in focus can be a big adjustment for those coming from academia, but it also brings new opportunities for impact.

Differences Between Industry and Academia

Similarities Between Industry and Academia

Despite the differences, there are important similarities:

• Scientific Rigor: Industry still values solid research methods, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

• Lifelong Learning: Both paths require staying up to date with advancements in the field.

• Networking & Collaboration: Success in either sector depends on building professional relationships and working effectively with colleagues.

Common Misconceptions About Industry

How PhD Skills Transfer to Industry

Your PhD has prepared you for more than just academia. Key transferable skills include:

• Scientific communication: Presenting complex data to different audiences (regulatory bodies, clinicians, business teams).

• Project management: Managing timelines, resources, and teams.

• Data analysis & critical thinking: Evaluating results and making data-driven decisions.

• Adaptability & problem-solving: Quickly learn new areas and adjust to fast-paced environments.

Common Academic Roles for PhDs

1. Postdoctoral Researcher – Conducts research under a principal investigator (PI), often as a step toward a faculty position.

2. Assistant Professor – Early-career faculty role involving research, teaching, and securing funding.

3. Associate/Full Professor – Senior faculty roles with tenure and leadership responsibilities.

4. Research Scientist – Works in academic institutions, focusing solely on research without teaching obligations.

5. Lecturer/Adjunct Professor – Primarily teaches courses at universities, often without tenure-track research responsibilities.

6. Academic Administrator – Roles such as department chairs or deans, overseeing academic and administrative functions.

Common Industry Roles for PhDs

1. Medical Science Liaison (MSL) – Acts as a bridge between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals, providing scientific and medical insights.

2. Regulatory Affairs Specialist – Ensures compliance with government drug and device development regulations.

3. Clinical Research Scientist – Designs and oversees clinical trials for new drugs and treatments.

4. Medical Writer – Communicates complex scientific data in regulatory documents, publications, and marketing materials.

5. R&D Scientist – Conducts research to develop new drugs, diagnostics, or treatments.

6. Product Manager – Works at the intersection of science and business to bring new healthcare products to market.

My Personal Experience

I always knew that I did not want to stay in academia after my PhD, but I never took the time to explore what industry was because I figured I had time and needed to focus on my research, learning techniques, writing, and presenting my findings. It wasn’t until later in my PhD that I actively started looking into industry career paths.

Networking was key to opening doors to different opportunities outside academia. Whether you stay in academia or transition to industry, building strong professional relationships is essential. Once I decided to explore industry, it became crucial for me to step out of my comfort zone and start contacting people in the areas I was interested in. I began networking a year before my expected thesis defense date, which gave me valuable insights and connections that helped shape my career transition.

Additionally, while your thesis committee plays a significant role in your academic success, their advice is most valuable if you plan to stay in academia. If you are interested in industry, unless your committee members have strong connections in that space, it is often more beneficial to seek guidance from professionals who are already in the roles you aspire to. Their insights will be more relevant to your career trajectory and help you make informed decisions about your future.